The Taiping Rebellion described Confucianism sages as well as gods in Taoism and Buddhism as devils. Confucianism. They hold the power to define the hierarchy of divinities, by bestowing titles upon mountains, rivers and dead people, acknowledging them as powerful and therefore establishing their cults. RELIGION AS A PERCENTAGE OF WORLD POPULATION: 0.1 percent OVERVIEW. [122], Joseph Chan defends the compatibility of Confucianism with both liberalism and democracy. [132] He praised Confucian ethics and politics, portraying the sociopolitical hierarchy of China as a model for Europe.[132]. "[143] Chaste widows were revered and memorialised during the Ming and Qing periods. This represents 0.09% of the world's population, or slightly less than 1%. The abolition of the examination system in 1905 marked the end of official Confucianism. The scholar Ronnie Littlejohn warns that tin was not to be interpreted as a personal God comparable to that of the Abrahamic faiths, in the sense of an otherworldly or transcendent creator. Yet there are four seasons going round and there are the hundred things coming into being. [62] At the same time, a proper Confucian ruler should also accept his ministers' advice, as this will help him govern the realm better. He found order and understanding in his . While Jiang's model is closer to an ideal theory than Bell's proposals, it represents a more traditionalist alternative. Important military and political figures in modern Chinese history continued to be influenced by Confucianism, like the Muslim warlord Ma Fuxiang. Instead, the scholar Mencius, who was born more than a century after Confucius died, adapted his philosophy and preached in different states. The junzi disciplines himself. Its influence has also extended to other countries, particularly Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. Most scholars attribute the origins of this idea to futurologist Herman Kahn's World Economic Development: 1979 and Beyond. Confucianism advocates love with distinctionsone always loves one's family first and then moves outward. It is exemplified by a normal adult's protective feelings for children. The worldly concern of Confucianism rests upon the belief that human beings are fundamentally good, and teachable, improvable, and perfectible through personal and communal endeavor, especially self-cultivation and self-creation. [42], Zigong, a disciple of Confucius, said that Tin had set the master on the path to become a wise man (9.6). Where Is Confucianism Today Theblogy.com In this set of flashcards, you will learn about the long and fascinating history of one Asia's most major religions: Confucianism. Confucianism holds one in contempt, either passively or actively, for failure to uphold the cardinal moral values of rn and y. [76] With the Zhou dynasty, which overthrew the Shang, the name for the supreme godhead became Tian ( "Heaven"). [86] Another modern proponent of the institutionalisation of Confucianism in a state church is Jiang Qing. [126] Baogang He and Mark Warren add that "meritocracy" should be understood as a concept describing a regime's character rather than its type, which is determined by distribution of political poweron their view, democratic institutions can be built which are meritocratic insofar as they favour competence.[127]. [87], In 2005, the Center for the Study of Confucian Religion was established,[86] and guoxue started to be implemented in public schools on all levels. "[160], Compatibility with liberalism and democracy, and critique of political meritocracy, Translations of texts attributed to Confucius, Whether centred in the changeful precessional north. [citation needed] Modern Confucianism is the descendant of movements that greatly changed how they practiced the teachings of Confucius and his disciples from previous orthodox teachings. These names do not use the name "Confucius" at all, but instead focus on the ideal of the Confucian man. The scholarly tradition envisioned by Confucius can be traced to the sage-kings of antiquity. [8][160] Confucius views about Tin and about the divine providence ruling the world, can be found above (in this page) and in Analects 6:26, 7:22, and 9:12, for example. [156], Ever since Europeans first encountered Confucianism, the issue of how Confucianism should be classified has been subject to debate. In the 16th and the 17th centuries, the earliest European arrivals in China, the Christian Jesuits, considered Confucianism to be an ethical system, not a religion, and one that was compatible with Christianity. Filial piety is considered a key virtue in Chinese culture, and it is the main concern of a large number of stories. [111] For Bell, the ideal according to which China should reform itself (and has reformed itself) follows a simple structure: Aspiring rulers first pass hyper-selective examinations, then have to rule well at the local level to be promoted to positions as the provincial level, then have to excel at the provincial level to access positions at the national level, and so on. Confucius Institutes: The growth of China's controversial cultural [162][163] But using a broader definition, such as Frederick Streng's characterisation of religion as "a means of ultimate transformation",[164] Confucianism could be described as a "sociopolitical doctrine having religious qualities. [154] Moreover, some Confucian texts like the Chunqiu Fanlu have passages that suggest a more equal relationship between a husband and his wife. The Zhou belief in the mandate of heaven (the functional equivalent of the will of the Lord on High) differed from the divine right of kings in that there was no guarantee that the descendants of the Zhou royal house would be entrusted with kingship, for, as written in the Shujing (Classic of History), heaven sees as the people see [and] hears as the people hear; thus, the virtues of the kings were essential for the maintenance of their power and authority. [141], Joseph A. Adler points out that "Neo-Confucian writings do not necessarily reflect either the prevailing social practices or the scholars' own attitudes and practices in regard to actual women. These are accompanied by the classical Sz (), that singles out four virtues, one of which (Y) is included among the Five Constants: There are still many other elements, such as chng (; , honesty), sh (, kindness and forgiveness), lin (, honesty and cleanness), ch (; , shame, judge and sense of right and wrong), yng (, bravery), wn (; , kind and gentle), ling (, good, kindhearted), gng (, respectful, reverent), jin (; , frugal), rng (; , modestly, self-effacing). [108] In Against Political Equality, Tongdong Bai complements this account by using a proto-Rawlsian "political difference principle". This elaborate system of mutual dependence was based on blood ties, marriage alliances, and old covenants as well as on newly negotiated contracts. The Rise and Fall of Confucian Family Values [94] In 2009, Zhou Beichen founded another institution which inherits the idea of Kang Youwei's Confucian Church, the Holy Hall of Confucius ( Kngshngtng) in Shenzhen, affiliated with the Federation of Confucian Culture of Qufu City. [44] Tin may also be compared to the Brahman of Hindu and Vedic traditions. "[32], Confucianism conciliates both the inner and outer polarities of spiritual cultivation, that is to say self-cultivation and world redemption, synthesised in the ideal of "sageliness within and kingliness without". "[60] Moreover, Mencius indicated that if the ruler is incompetent, he should be replaced. When punishments are not properly awarded, the people do not know how to move hand or foot. [149][150][151] Many traditional commentators and modern scholars have debated over the precise meaning of the passage, and whether Confucius referred to all women or just certain groups of women. In Confucianism, the sage or wise is the ideal personality; however, it is very hard to become one of them. Strictly speaking, there is no term in Chinese which directly corresponds to "Confucianism". Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Shangdi was conceived as the first ancestor of the Shang royal house,[74] an alternate name for him being the "Supreme Progenitor" ( Shngji). The followers of the Buddhist religion accounts for 6% of the population. Partly because of the vitality of the feudal ritual system and partly because of the strength of the royal household itself, the Zhou kings were able to control their kingdom for several centuries. At the cultural level, for instance, Confucianism, its institutions, and its rituals offer bulwarks against atomization and individualism. At different times in Chinese history, Confucius (trad. The name Confucius, a Latinized combination of the surname Kong with an honorific suffix "Master" ( fuzi ), has also come to be . Confucius replied, "There is government, when the prince is prince, and the minister is minister; when the father is father, and the son is son.". While juniors are considered in Confucianism to owe their seniors reverence, seniors also have duties of benevolence and concern toward juniors. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Confucianism, ChinaKnowlwdge.de - Confucius and Confucianism, Asia Society - Center for Global Education - Confucianism, Ancient History Encyclopedia - Confucianism, United Religions Initiative - Confucianism. [29][30] The principle of Heaven (L or Do ), is the order of the creation and the source of divine authority, monistic in its structure. [according to whom?]. Religion in China: History and Statistics Confucianism - Transformation since the 19th century Social harmony results in part from every individual knowing his or her place in the natural order, and playing his or her part well. As the potential leader of a nation, a son of the ruler is raised to have a superior ethical and moral position while gaining inner peace through his virtue. [108] As Bell puts it, he defends "democracy at the bottom, experimentation in the middle, and meritocracy at the top. Particular duties arise from one's particular situation in relation to others. In the Dtng sh (; ) it is defined as "to form one body with all things" and "when the self and others are not separated compassion is aroused". Confucian ethics is characterised by the promotion of virtues, encompassed by the Five Constants, Wchng () in Chinese, elaborated by Confucian scholars out of the inherited tradition during the Han dynasty.
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