What do you reply? women? be affected by certain health conditions due to aging. A rigid-body motion was modeled in earlier example by the velocity field V=re^\vec{V}=r \omega \hat{e}_\thetaV=re^. The 1918 pandemic had three distinct waves: All of the following would represent short-term fluctuations with respect to time except: An example of spatial clustering would be: Several cases of typhoid fever occurring within a small community. For example, African CS- rise in case of an infection occurs after a group of ppl who all came into contact with the same source of infection ex: cholera pump Fleming discovered Penicillin in the late 1920s which was incredibly impactful towards Availability of the data 3. Subsequent laboratory tests on everyone who attended the luncheon revealed an additional 72 cases. The epidemiologic and clinical descriptions of a disease are different. the physical environment. The case fatality rate is the same thing as the mortality rate for a disease. When applied in a group of hospitalized patients diagnosed as having virus X infections, the test is found to have a positive predictive value of 85%. The prevalence of smoking in the population is 55%. Large international variations in rates of infectious and communicable diseases as well as other conditions are most likely explained by: The use of GIS may be thought of as following the heritage of: Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: Marital status is an important descriptive epidemiologic variable because it is: The descriptive epidemiologic variable AGE is related to: Reasons for gender differences in mortality may include: True or False? Which group of Americans became ill first with the flu in 1918? Total number of deaths from all causes: 900. Sexually transmitted diseases are examples of a residual disorder, one for which the contributing factors are known but for which methods of control have . 4 Lack of access to healthcare. Based on your understanding of foods that potentially are capable of transmitting salmonella, the most likely source of the outbreak was. True or False? Takayasu arteritis is a disease of the aorta and its branches, however pulmonary and cardiac arteries may be involved. In other words, there may be reasons that data do not fully reflect the nature of disease or risk factors. Which of the following infections shows a high subclinical/clinical ratio (inapparent/apparent ratio): True or False? The prevalence of smoking in the population is 55%. Sixty-five people had fever and diarrhea, five of these people were severely affected. True or False? In the majority of cases, cyclic CS is caused by an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma, but it can also be due to ectopic ACTH production or an adrenal adenoma. The virulence of salmonellosis was: In two communities of similar size and age structure (A and B), there were outbreaks of viral illnesses (Virus A in community A, and Virus B in community B), both of which were traced back to a single source. High rates of mortality from hypertension found among African Americans may E. coli O157:H7 is not considered a threat to the food supply of the United States. Patients are usually under 40-years of age at presentation and there are no apparent differences in incidence or . Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may relfect seasonal variations in cases of influenza The study of diseases linked to harmful physical energy, such as ionizing radiation, would be outside the scope of epidemiology. This is a use primarily for prevalence data. Which of Mill's four canons suggests that there is an association between frequency of disease and the potency of a causative factor? frequency over time? Indicate by choosing the appropriate option whether the use is for incidence or prevalence data. Policy evaluation, Using epidemiology for operational research involves, Blood pressure measurements on adult males 30-39 years of age were obtained in a survey of a representative sample of Twin Cities households. Two charges are placed on the x axis. diagnosed with breast cancer than men. One of the problems that this study may have faced is individuals lost to follow-up during the five-year period. lack of participation in risk reduction programs. High firearm death rates and homicide rates are indicators of adverse conditions within the community. Incidence is a measure of the risk of developing the disease in the Home canned foods would be a likely source for an outbreak of salmonellosis. It was theorized that the flu began in which US state in 1918? During which century did epidemiological research methods start using comparison groups? As a white female, I have never been in a situation where I was not given medical This - identifies problems to be studied by analytic methods. use a different disease for each characteristic of PERSON or you may choose a When used to screen a group of healthy blood donors for virus X infections, the test is found to have a positive predictive value of 30%. Reasons for the resurgence of tuberculosis include the increasing prevalence of HIV infection. (q1=+8.5C)isatx1=+3.0cm, (q2=21C)\left( q _ { 2 } = - 21 \mu \mathrm { C } \right) reflect: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among both males and You have just finished administering a food/drink questionnaire to ill and non-ill participants in a Minnesota summer picnic party. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease like pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect seasonal variations in cases of influenza and c hanges in exposure to infectious agents. Infant mortality rates are higher in the upper social classes than in the lower particularly for chronic disease: The fundamental tool for etiologic studies of both acute and chronic diseases: The incidence of a disease is five times greater in men than in women, but the The cause-specific mortality rate from roller-skating was: An epidemiologic survey of roller-skating injuries in Metroville, a city with a An outbreak of salmonellosis occurred after an epidemiology department luncheon, which was attended by 485 faculty and staff. The table below shows the mumps experience of children in 390 families exposed to mumps by a primary case within the family: The secondary attack rate among children aged two to four years is: True or False? Prevalence can be expressed as a -suggest common exposure of a group of people to an etiologic agent. A double-blind study of vaccine is one in which. In the Yearly Mortality Bill for 1632, consumption referred to, True or False: In less developed regions, triangular population distributions are linked to high mortality among younger age groups. incidence of the disease and the duration of the illness. What are the two methods to adjust for age? The Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) is responsible for: Tracking down unusual disease outbreaks in the United States and foreign countries. Edgar Sydenstricker was a public Describe what is known about COVID-19 epidemiology. prevalence = incidence x duration. certain diseases increases with age, such as cancer. A primary prevention approach that could be used in controlling cigarette smoking Health phenomena may show cyclic variations in a person's response to temporary stressors. A new antibody test detects serum antibodies against virus X (sensitivity 99%, specificity 90%). Convert the input value to an int and store it in an int variable named age. Choose the incorrect answer. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect, seasonal variations in cases of influenza. A new antibody test detects serum antibodies against virus X (sensitivity 99%, specificity 90%). Cyclic Cushing's syndrome (CS) involves rhythmic fluctuations in ACTH secretion resulting in a cyclic variation of adrenal steroid production. The study of diseases linked to harmful physical energy, such as ionizing. Environmental and occupational health problems are a specialization of epidemiology. C. long-term changes in mortality trends. (age-specific! The difference between primary and secondary prevention of disease is: primary prevention means control of causal factors, while secondary prevention means early detection and treatment of disease. The purpose of the washout period is to reinforce the carryover effect, Surrogate endpoints in clinical trials may include, Reduce error that results from assignment to study conditions. the fact that influenza is a disappearing disorder.. seasonal variations in cases of influenza and the fact that influenza is a disappearing disorder.. long-term changes in mortality trends.. seasonal variations in cases of influenza.B C D Marriage is hypothesized to act as either a selective or a protective factor in health. Changes in exposure to infectious agents, A null hypothesis is most similar to which of the following. Alternative policy choices 4. You say you cannot test for statistical association because there is no relevant comparison group. Choose the incorrect answer. Direct and Indirect. Im not proud that I had never even considered it a problem until it was The crude death rate for suicide in a rural town is 12 per 1,000. The reservoir for Q fever is infected livestock, e.g., cattle, sheep, or goats. This is a use primarily for incidence data. - Pasteurization of milk - Primary prevention passive True or False? be due to: epidemiology can help target intervention efforts in order to address the social, The existence of a dose-response relationship, that is, an increase in disease risk, with an increase in the amount of exposure, does not support the view that an, The Henle-Koch postulates were instrumental in efforts to prove the causative. B. the fact that influenza is a disappearing disorder. It was theorized that the _____ was the animal responsible for the transmission of the Ebola virus to the Kikwit citizens. Chapters 3 & 4 Quiz 1) Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: Changes in exposure to infectious agents Changes in the risk-taking behavior of persons Changes in temporary stressors Endogenous biologic factors All of the above The answer is all of the above. Measure of economic development (per capita income and literacy rate) 2. An abrupt drop in mortality due to specific disease from one year to the next is most likely due to: A change in the International Classification of Disease. Among smokers, the etiologic fraction of disease due to smoking is: 0.90 for lung cancer and 0.29 for coronary thrombosis, The death rate per 100,000 for lung cancer is 7 among non-smokers and 71 among smokers. If there were 4,000 live births, 3 fetal deaths, and 40 maternal deaths, what is the crude birth rate? Lyme disease is an example of a disease transmitted by arthropod vectors. How many milliliters of 0.126 MMM HClO4HClO_4HClO4 (perchloric acid) Which measurement would most accurately reflect the number who may be affected? robust, fertile females. The risk of congenital malformations is half as high among users of the drug as among non-users 2. Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, -Epidemic- classified as attacking many p, -Pandemic- refers to an epidemic on a wor, Identify at least three major historical d, figures and their contributions to the fiel, Business Law: Text and Cases (Kenneth W. Clarkson; Roger LeRoy Miller; Frank B. The attack rate of salmonellosis was: Which of the following examples involves indirect transmission of disease? or condition at a given point in time. An investigator is interested in the etiology of neonatal jaundice. exposure (cholera), Point epidemic- the response of a group of people to a source of infection or Determination of the incubation period for a disease outbreak helps to: The first case of a disease to come to the attention of the authorities, Physical components, Social components, Economic components, An animate, living insect or animal that is involved with the transmission of disease agents, An immunity the host has developed as a result of a natural infection with a microbial agent or acquired from an injection of a vaccine that contains an antigen, Immunity that is acquired from antibodies produce by another person or animal, human beings, animals, insects, soils, or plants, The units of analysis are populations or groups of people rather than individuals. Subsequent laboratory tests on everyone who attended the luncheon revealed an additional 72 cases. In two communities of similar size and age structure (A and B), there were outbreaks of viral illnesses (Virus A in community A, and Virus B in community B), both of which were traced back to a single source. a. vitamin-containing coenzyme; glucose b. ATP; ADP c. glucose; oxygen d. glucose; vitamin-containing coenzyme. [N.B. The prevalence of the exposure in the population, A casual association between factor and outcome can refer to. . -the respondent provides the information but the interviewer doesn't record it or records it incorrectly. Keywords: The results of selective service examinations. HIV/AIDS 3. Which source of bias may have affected the study? failure to identify persons who have the condition, A test that determines whether disease is actually present is a. Numerous epidemiologic studies have indicated that race does not influence the respiratory droplets and close contact between individuals. -Endemic- used to characterize a disease that is habitually present in a particular This formula states that Which of the following activities characterizes an epidemiologic approach (as opposed to a clinical approach)? epidemiology contribute to its understanding. In other words, the prevalence of a disease in a A form of reactivity whereby subjects improve or modify an aspect of their behavior being experimentally measured simply in response to the fact that they know they are being studied, not in response to any particular experimental manipulation is an example of what? Give an example of each. True All individuals with an odd hospital admission number are assigned to the second group. True or False? The health officer says, 'If people catch the Pox, they suddenly get the urge to dance in the sand and fall dead on the beach within the hour.' True or False? (Page: 97-101), - Half-way houses for persons recovering from addiction - Tertiary Prevention The site where a disease agent enters the body is the: True or False? True or False? Estimating the frequency of exposure. This is a use primarily for prevalence data. social classes. Which of the following data sources is most likely to provide a representative sample of the general health status of a population? Nature of the data 2. T he person has had symptoms and has had medical attention but does not know the name of the disease, Which of the following is not a method for controlling the effects of confounding in epidemiologic studies. The study design is: Ecological study, because the the cause if before the effect (exposure before disease). How can they improve the sensitivity of the test? promoting the cessation of cigarette smoking via talk therapy or nicotine substitutes. Substantial international variation in rates of disease are most likely explained by: Differences in climate, cultural factors, and national dietary habits. in a survey of a representative sample of Twin Cities households. Aims of descriptive epidemiology - Permit evaluation of trends in health and disease - Provide a basis for planning, provision, and evaluation of health services - Identify problems to be studied by analytic methods and suggest areas that may be fruitful for investigation U.S. infants born in 2012 who were exclusively breastfed: About 43% of infants were breastfed during their first 3 months . Three hundred people are screened at a clinic during the first year the new test is implemented. Understanding the relationship between prevalence and Hollingshead and Redlich found that severe mental illness was more common in the upper than the lower social classes., Large international variations in rates of infectious and communicable diseases as well as other conditions are most likely explained by A. differences in climate B. differences in cultural factors . formula, known as the prevalence-incidence relationship. However, other more An outbreak of salmonellosis occurred after an epidemiology department luncheon, which was attended by 485 faculty and staff. Host factors in the causation of disease include: True or False? Doll and Peto demonstrated that the mortality ratios for lung cancer were similar among those who smoked 1-14 and those who smoked 15-24 cigarettes per day. among women aged 15-24 could be the utilization of print materials or online marketing Which of the following reasons might account for place variation in disease? incidence and prevalence of disease. Seasonal variations True or False: Infant mortality rates are higher in the upper social classes than in the lower social classes. The social environment refers to the totality of behavioral, personality, and cultural characteristics of a group of people. Chapter 2 describes "transitions"- what are the two major types of transitions and own sections in our text, I think that their works should not go unnoticed. External validity of the data. The strategy which is not aimed at reducing selection bias is: standardized protocol for structured interviews. True or False? Foods served at the luncheon included home-canned olives, chicken salad, homemade flavored drink mix, freshly baked rolls, and raw vegetables. In a survey which uses lay interviewers to interview one person about his or her health and the health of household members, the sources of error include: 1. A major resurgence of measles occurred during the period 1989 to 1990. means that at any given time, 0% of the population would be living with the disease. Foot fungal disease in New Orleans is best described as: An outbreak of salmonellosis occurred after an epidemiology department luncheon, which was attended by 485 faculty and staff. Health education programs about the hazards of starting smoking are examples of secondary prevention. Question 13. The results show that the correlation between accumulated heat release and cyclic variation is less than 10%. Cross), Principles of Environmental Science (William P. Cunningham; Mary Ann Cunningham), Forecasting, Time Series, and Regression (Richard T. O'Connell; Anne B. Koehler), The Methodology of the Social Sciences (Max Weber), Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (Gay L. R.; Mills Geoffrey E.; Airasian Peter W.), Civilization and its Discontents (Sigmund Freud), Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (Janice L. Hinkle; Kerry H. Cheever), Chemistry: The Central Science (Theodore E. Brown; H. Eugene H LeMay; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine Murphy; Patrick Woodward), Psychology (David G. Myers; C. Nathan DeWall), Biological Science (Freeman Scott; Quillin Kim; Allison Lizabeth), Campbell Biology (Jane B. Reece; Lisa A. Urry; Michael L. Cain; Steven A. Wasserman; Peter V. Minorsky), Give Me Liberty! Incidence and prevalence data have different applications in public health. Fleming, Wade Hampton Frost, and Edgar Sydenstricker. The three characteristics of PERSON that are used in epidemiologic studies are age, A and B Race is important to factor in due to the implications that race has in health disparities. supernatural. A new screening test for Lyme disease is developed for use in the general population. Prevalence is a Answer Feedback: That is incorrect. Smoking seems much more likely to be casually related to lung cancer than to coronary thrombosis.
