WebA 12-point abridged form of the modified Mercalli scale is provided below. ", 9. Wood and Frank Neumann in 1931, in which intensity is considered to be more suitably graded. If engineers can develop better technology for predicting the size and force of earthquakes, then cities and communities can work to keep themselves from harm. Are there any suggestions for improvement? pages, email and other written documents. Earthquake Spectra, 15, 537-555. Brown, J.C. and Leicester, P. (1933) The Pyu earthquake of 3rd and 4th December, 1930 and subsequent Burma earthquakes up to January 1932. It also triggered numerous landslides, floods, and even volcanic eruptions. After this activity, students should be able to: Each TeachEngineering lesson or activity is correlated to one or more K-12 science, It can be labeled the "Mercalli Scale." Kawasumi, H. (1951) Measures of earthquake danger and expectancy of maximum intensity throughout Japan as inferred from the seismic activity in historical times. Pendulum clocks may stop). Students can research famous earthquakes on the Internet and discover the Mercalli Scale level for each one. In order not to be biased by this effect, the Modified Mercalli scale attempts to allow for varying effects on different types of construction. A strong groundmotion database including 34 moderate to large earthquakes is used along with the corresponding modified Mercalli John Wiley, New York. Small objects moved. In this study, the previously reported isoseismal maps are compiled and used to carefully investigate the macroseismic intensity in terms of the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) scale, based on the engineering ground-motion parameter, as the peak ground acceleration (PGA), inferred from the ground-motion attenuation characteristic of Myanmar. ", 13. Kansas City, MO: "All of the dishes in Thelma's Cafe rattled noisily, but none crashed off the shelves. However, according to the limitations of the available PGA data in Myanmar, in particular for the past 100 years of earthquake events that are reported only as isoseismal maps, then here the PGA is assumed for this calibration. Photographs will be taken throughout the day. Comparison of MMI-PGA relationship determined from this study (thick black line) and the others proposed previously for different regions. ", 15. 5), 3 sheets (cut lengthwise) of white copy paper, 1 sheet (cut lengthwise) of any color construction paper, Variety of crayons, colored pencils, and markers. Total damage. Testing Model Villages in Big Waves, Seismic Waves: How Earthquakes Move Through the Earth. Miraculously, because of the late hour, no one was hurt by the crashing tower. ", 12. The effects of earthquake waves at the surface can be measured using an intensity scale.This is an arbitrary scale based on observations of phenomena such as: The most common intensity scale used in Australia is the 12-point Modified Mercalli scale. Owen Hall Global Significant Earthquake Database. All 100,000+ K-12 STEM standards covered in TeachEngineering are collected, maintained and packaged by the Achievement Standards Network (ASN), Indicate the intensity values on the map. The amplitude of shaking is 10 times larger. 5), Represent and interpret data. If students are having difficulty brainstorming drawings for the different levels of the Mercalli Scale, have them brainstorm ideas with their partner or as a group. Considerable damage to ordinary buildings, May not be recognized as an earthquake. NCEI launched publicly on April 22, 2015. Tell students to draw a picture having to do with an earthquake or the Mercalli Scale. Pictures fall off walls. It is constant for specific types of rock; DDD Average fault displacement (cm); the distance one block is relocated; and. 2 0 obj 2006-2013 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All rights reserved. If you're interested in the latest earthquakes in your region or only the most recent earthquakes (as they are happening all the time! Get to an open space if possible. Decayed pilings broken off. Indiana University From the isoseismal maps described above, the individual area of each MMI level was gridded with a spacing of 1 1 km to measure the source-to-site-distances that the seismic wave traveled and was attenuated over. The most probable position of the epicentre is often assumed to be at a point inside the area of highest intensity. If you prefer, click on the map for desired Modified Mercallit (MM) Scale Primary wave (P wave) Richter, Charles Francis (19001985) Secondary wave (S wave) Tectonic and Tectono-Seismic Hazards Tectonic Tremor Bibliography Arias, A., 1970. Waves seen on ground. This offers the possibility of transforming readily observed intensity data into widely used engineering ground-motion characteristics and to rapidly assess the severity of ground shaking [1]. Boore, D.M., Joyner, W.B. ", 17. }> Y'.a +*(Ezx.8 U.S. Department of Commerce, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Project Keywords, National Then drop, cover, and hold on, as objects may be thrown at you from the side. within type by subtype, then by grade, etc. catalogs, post-event reconnaissance reports, journal articles, newspapers, internet IU. Usually (but not always) the highest intensities are exist. Landslides. U.S. Department of Commerce, DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department WebThe most widely used scale is the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MMI scale). The methodology is simple. An earthquake has a single magnitude, but intensity varies with distance. Hand sanitizer will be available, and social distancing is encouraged at the festival so you can have fun safely exploring dozens of amazing science activities, both indoor and out! destruction, designated by Roman numerals. (2) where PGA is the peak ground acceleration (cm/s 2) and MMI is the level of macroseismic intensity in terms of MMI scale. Learn how to calculate the duty cycle of a periodic system with Omni's duty cycle calculator: insert what you know, and we'll do the math! Global Significant Earthquake Database. 0338326. Class Discussion: As a class, have students engage in open discussion. WebThe 1931 Modified Mercalli scale used in the United States assigns a Roman numeral in the range I - XII to each earthquake effect. Lines of sight and level distorted. Even sports teams have different levels to make sure that teams with the same ability play each other. it is valuable in, evaluating ground shaking in modern quakes. Frankfort, KY: "Heavy furniture was moved around in some stores and homes, and some shops reported broken windows., 10. Difficult to stand. The next six strongest Chilean earthquakes would be found in the top 30 most massive earthquakes by magnitude. 135-138. For the Mandalay earthquake, the work of Brown [6] revealed an MMI in the range of III-IX spreading out more than 900 km from the epicenter to central Thailand (Figure 1). Earthquake templates. Kaka, S. and Atkinson, G. (2004) Relationships between instrumental intensity and ground motion parameters in eastern North America. For example, MMI 6 corresponds to a peak ground velocity of about 50 mm/s.Intensity is easy to use, even for historic earthquakes. ", 18. Apart from the fact the scale was intended to be for a specific area only, seismographs from that period weren't as sensitive as they are today they could measure only certain frequencies, meaning that low frequencies were lost, and large earthquakes were underestimated. Does the booklet make sense? This is a complete binder of activities for Grades K-6. Thus, for the reduction of earthquake hazards in Myanmar, earthquake hazard situations should be realized and the standard building code should be modified accordingly to withstand such ground movement. Use of the TeachEngineering digital library and this website constitutes acceptance of our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Felt by a few people, especially on upper floors. Note that the scale is based on vibration experienced at a particular site. Intensity. List of major earthquake events in Myanmar and adjacent area that had been reported the macroseismic intensity in term of isoseismal maps. Noticed by drivers of automobiles. Free K-12 standards-aligned STEM curriculum for educators everywhere. They make a model of a seismographa measuring device that records an earthquake on a seismogram. This is a web site through which Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 94, 1728-1736. Trifunac, M.D. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 11, 387-402. the amount of movement or energy released. In addition to the MMI reported in Myanmar, two isoseismal maps obtained from macroseismic intensity investigations in Thailand are added. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, 42, 1-140. The intensity scale consists of a series of certain key responses such The Modified Mercalli Intensity value assigned to a specific site after an earthquake has a more meaningful measure of severity to the nonscientist than themagnitudebecause intensity refers to the effects actually experienced at that place. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 15 0 R 16 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> They are continuously trying to improve the ways to predict and rate (or score) earthquakes. Most masonry, frame structures, and their foundations destroyed. (Grade Htwe, Y.M.M. Also, our tool is a safe bet if you want to compare different earthquakes and want to know how much stronger one earthquake is compared to another. Felt by everyone. Chimneys may be slightly damaged. Besides the Sumatra-Andaman Subduction Zone in the western part, Myanmar also has own great strike-slip active faults called the Sagiang Fault Zone [2]. Can you think of any examples? political geography, and additional comments are also provided for each earthquake. WebThe most common intensity scale used in Australia is the 12-point Modified Mercalli scale. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 46, 317-320. The Significant Earthquake Database is a global listing of over 5,700 earthquakes Ground badly cracked. The most familiar of these is the Richter scale - related There are two commonly-used ways of rating earthquakes: 1) the Richter scale and 2) the Mercalli Scale. The Modified Mercalli Scale measures the amount of shaking at a particular location. An important piece of information to keep in mind is that the magnitude scale is logarithmic. In other words, it is comparing amplitudes of waves on a seismogram, not the strength, or energy, of the quakes, according to USGS. Furthermore, earthquake intensity, or strength, is distinct from earthquake magnitude, which is a measure of the amplitude, or size, of seismic waves as specified by a seismograph reading. Catalog of Significant Earthquakes 2000 B.C. The areas of equal intensity, referred to as isoseismals, tend to form irregular bullseye patterns, with the center of the bulls eye, and the highest intensities, experienced at or near the earthquake epicenter. The earthquake magnitude calculator shows not only the energy but also. Waves seen on ground. We understand that enormous energy values expressed in joules are not very intuitive or informative, so we have chosen a few earthquake energy equivalents if you've ever wondered what magnitude of earthquake an atomic bomb or volcanic eruption is equivalent to, this earthquake magnitude calculator has the answer. How much bigger was it? Isoseismal maps of the ten earthquakes reported in Myanmar and neighboring areas during 1912-2006 AD. That's why you can't directly convert the Richter or Magnitude scale to the Mercalli scale although the released energy, local geology, terrain, depth of an earthquake and distance from the epicenter are all still the same. Persons walk unsteadily. These variations can be considerable, even over short distances. Indiana University and linked to the related tsunami event or significant volcanic eruption. CategoryEarth + Atmospheric Sciences Best forHigh School + Middle School. The Mercalli Scale was used earlier than the Richter Scale. Although it confounds many variables, z/76 E1(S=C50R6*C?dzy}5n`u%]|QJ. Common Alerting Protocol Steering of automobiles affected. [14], as shown in Equation (1). How they think engineers and scientists measure earthquake damage? 3 - [4]. Brown, J.C. (1914) The Burma earthquake of May 1912. California's Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989 was a 7.1. China, Iran, and Turkey lead in the category of the most catastrophic earthquakes (damages, fatalities, etc.). This implies that the standard of building construction in Myanmar, in terms of withstanding earthquake hazards, is not high enough such that low ground motions contribute to a high degree of structure damage, particularly at higher levels of ground shaking. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 24, 79-89. Rating earthquakes helps engineers determine which ones are going to cause the most damage so they can warn people in advance. The released energy is 31622776601684 J, and the equivalent of such energy is: 0.0000028 of the most massive earthquake recorded, Chile '60 . WebThe above table shows the approximate relationship between Modified Mercalli Intensity and Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA). | If you're listening to the news about an earthquake, the measure that will be given is the magnitude the moment magnitude to be exact. Waves on ponds; water turbid with mud. VII. To know more about this fascinating topic, make sure to check out this excellent video by IRIS Earthquake Science Moment Magnitude Explained: What Happened to the Richter Scale? Relationship between the PGA (cm/s2) and the MMI scale. You are, in effect, creating a ShakeMap of seismic intensity for this particular earthquake. The magnitudes required in equation (1) and the earthquake locations for measuring the source-to-site-distances are those cited in previous reports and are detailed in Table 1. This scale is composed of 12 increasing levels of intensity based If the earthquake was associated with a tsunami or volcanic eruption, it is flagged These range from imperceptible shaking to catastrophic Wald, D.J., Quintoriano, V., Heaton, T.H., Kanamori, H., Scrivner, C.W. Did you notice that 3 out of the 12 most powerful earthquakes were in Chile? Refer to the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale page on the US Geological The Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM, MMI, or MCS), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of shaking produced by an earthquake. For example: "Rio de Janeiro, RJ". With this earthquake calculator, you can estimate the energy release of an earthquake. Natural Science Vol.4No.8A(2012), Article ID:21664,7 pages DOI:10.4236/ns.2012.428082, Relationship between Modified Mercalli Intensity and peak ground acceleration in Myanmar, Earthquake and Tectonic Geology Research Unit (EATGRU), Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Pailoplee.S@gmail.com, Received 27 June 2012; revised 25 July 2012; accepted 11 August 2012, Keywords: Isoseismal Map; Modified Mercalli Intensity; Peak Ground Acceleration; Myanmar. The Rossi-Forel scale is relatively old, has values from 1 to 10, and is still used in some countries. The number of earthquake recording stations is, therefore, low and as a result the earthquake impactions are usually observed in macroseismic intensity and reported manually in terms of isoseismal maps. Home | About SCIRP | Sitemap | Contact Us. Indiana University, 1. you can report your own experiences during an earthquake, so that This is a public event. endobj ", 16. A Modified Mercalli Intensity of six is abbreviated as MMI 6. ;f:3+f*yZReIxRu3V>5?}k~&K7/E*y Shabestari, K.T. Development Center (NCDDC), per the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Limestone facing stone falling off of the Geology Building killed two students trying to escape from the building. Read the newspaper reports for each city and assign Mercalli intensity values to each of the reporting areas based on the classifications in Table 1 above. We sometimes assign points to a homework assignment to rate how well we did. Furniture broken. Chicago, IL: "Many residents of the Windy City reported a strong tremor last night; some sleepers were awakened by what they described as 'a loud, crashing sound. <>>> *The NGSS logo is a registered trademark of WestEd. 9 Based on this relationship, approximately, what is the magnitude of this earthquake. Krinitzsky, E.L. and Chang, F.K. Earthquake, 17, 711-723. Understand the difference between the Richter Scale and the Mercalli Scale for rating earthquakes (a scale that uses instruments and a scale that uses human observation, respectively). Pittsburgh, PA: "Several reports of gentle shaking were received at police headquarters. ), check out this current USGS earthquakes map. Felt by persons at rest, on upper floors, or otherwise favourably placed to sense tremors. Earthquake Intensity - Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale. In the ASN, standards are hierarchically structured: first by source; e.g., by state; within source by type; e.g., science or mathematics; The above table shows the approximate relationship A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. A good website to visit is: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/ngdc.html. In the article below, you'll learn about the different measures of an earthquake: from the famous Richter scale to the currently used moment magnitude scale and Mercalli scale, which is an intensity scale describing the effects of the phenomenon. Thesis, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok. Instruct students to illustrate each page to describe the destruction of each level of earthquake based on the 12 point Mercalli Scale. Motions up to an intensity VIII+ in the MM Scale can be. Few structures standing. (ed. In final, the MMI-PGA relationship is contributed using the linear regression. Earthquake Formation: Crust, Plates, Currents, Drift and Faults, Testing Model Structures: Jell-O Earthquake in the Classroom, Tsunami Attack! ", 4. creative classroom activity to illustrate earthquake intensity can Do you know that the shockwave originated from the detonation of the Tsar Bomba circled the world three times, touching at the antipodal point of the explosion and "bouncing" back? If you want to know which country has the most earthquakes, it depends on what you really mean: Indonesia lies in a very active seismic region and is a relatively big country, so it probably has the most earthquakes in total. Some walls may fall. be found on pg. Thanks also extend to T. Pailoplee for the preparation of the draft manuscript. Department of Mineral Resources (2006) Macroseismic investigation in Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand. A modified Mercalli intensity scale is used to quantify the earthquake's effects. Magnitude scales, like the moment magnitude, measure the size of the earthquake at its source. However, today seismologists more commonly rely on what is It was originally introduced by the Italian seismologist Giuseppe Mercalli in 1902, and was The descriptions below are a simplified version of the New Zealand Modified Mercalli Intensity scale. Let's assume that you remember an earthquake a couple of years ago, which has a magnitude of 7.1. and Damage. Doors swing, open, close. Dishes, windows, doors disturbed. Grey thin lines illustrate the earthquake faults based on Bender et al. fz9TqUU*W#&8| ^17'tJ@1J-aNWjz0 `&n-SK3W Iw{8 /. A 12-point abridged form of the modified Mercalli scale is provided below. Jefferson City, MO: "Hotel residents complained of a sound like 'a truck crashing into the building. Engineers work very hard to protect humans from the potentially dangerous force of earthquakes. Students learn about the Mercalli Scale for rating earthquakes.copyrightCopyright http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/US_Navy_110320-M-0145H-063_A_large_ferry_boat_rests_inland_amidst_destroyed_houses_after_a_9.0_earthquake_and_subsequent_tsunami_struck_Japan_March.jpg. Students learn how engineers build shake tables that simulate the ground motions of the Earth caused by seismic waves in order to test the seismic performance of buildings. WebStep 1 Type the name of the city and the state of the hypothetical earthquake, and then click "Center". Some dishes, windows broken. How Do Scientists Predict Tsunamis After Earthquakes? This is a semi-quantitative scale used to evaluate ground shaking WebThe effect of an earthquake on the Earth's surface is referred to as its intensity. Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, 653. ground. Thanks for your feedback! Small bells ring (church, school). (Grades Some heavy furniture moved, some plaster falls. WebThe most commonly used earthquake intensity scale is the Modified Mercalli earthquake intensity scale. Felt by nearly everyone. Log In or Register. Damage nearly total. Cut all necessary paper needed for the class activity. Objects thrown into air. The correlation coefficient (R2) for the shown linear regression is 0.9681. Large rock masses displaced. Pendulum clocks stop, start, change rate. OFFICE OF RESEARCH Trees, bushes shake. to as its intensity. A modified version of his scale is still in use today. Weak plaster and masonry cracks. and Fumal, T.E. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K [access date]. Intensity ratings are expressed as Roman numerals between I at the low end and XII at the high end. of a file originally created to produce the World Map of Significant Earthquakes 1900 at least one of the following criteria: caused deaths, caused moderate damage (approximately Small objects moved. The violence of seismic shaking varies considerably over a single affected area. or greater, or the earthquake generated a tsunami. There are two commonly-used ways of rating earthquakes: 1) the Richter scale and 2) the Mercalli Scale. Humans cannot eliminate the hazards but can take steps to reduce their impacts. % Some well-built wooden structures and bridges destroyed. (1958) Elementary seismology. The other thing you can do with this tool is to compare two magnitudes. Lexington, KY: "Mama Leone's Restaurant reported that several plates and dishes fell off of their shelves and broke. Evansville, IN: "The smokestack of the Sterling Brewery collapsed in downtown Evansville. put into trial operation in Ankara, Turkey. WSU Press, Seattle. There are many ways of protecting buildings from earthquakes, such as friction pendulums you can read about them in the article accompanying the damping ratio calculator. Rails bent greatly. Explain the Mercalli Scale on their own through drawing and writing. Weak masonry destroyed; ordinary masonry heavily damaged, sometimes with complete collapse; reinforced masonry seriously damaged. If time permits, have the students write a sentence on the bottom of each page describing the illustration. Nested under units are lessons (in purple) and hands-on activities (in blue). Sand and mud shifted horizontally on beaches and. WebThe U.S. employs the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale, which uses Roman numerals from I (not felt) to X (extreme). Structural engineers usually contribute information for assigning intensity values of VIII or above. Landslides. NOAA makes no warranty, expressed Wide cracks in ground. 438483. In Hansen, R. J. The scale now generally employed in North America is the Mercalli scale, as modified by Harry O.
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