Additional communication skills are taught, such as compromise and negotiation, and requesting a time out . desire): in which a person becomes totally apathetic and sits around waiting for things to happen. Substance abuse: Amphetamine and Cannabis and other drugs have also been identified as triggers as they affect serotonin and glutamate levels. Sometimes when people with schizophrenia become depressed, so it is common to prescribe anti-depressants at the same time as the anti-psychotics. Let the patient develop their own alternatives to their previous maladaptive behavior by looking at coping strategies and alternative explanations. Desirable behavior includes self-care, taking medication, work skills, and treatment participation. As there is strong evidence that relapse is related to stress and expressed emotion within the family, it seems likely that CBT should be employed alongside family therapy in order to reduce the pressures on the individual patient. Keywords: psychosocial dysfunction, family burden, schizophrenia, OCD. Is it the cognitive deficits which causes the schizophrenic behavior or is the schizophrenia that causes the cognitive deficits? Jack's experiences can be linked to the family dysfunction explanation. Atypical antipsychotics: Developed in the 1970s, as an attempt to find drugs with fewer severe side-effects than typical antipsychotics. basis. The therapist needs to accept that the illusions may seem real to the patient at the time and should be dealt with accordingly. There is other evidence to support difficult family relationships in childhood are associated with increased risk of schizophrenia in adulthood. Pharoah et al (2010) suggest that the following techniques, in which all of the family are involved, are used: This is a behavioural treatment for schizophrenia, based on operant conditioning (learning through reinforcement). Research suggests that these delusions are associated with specific biases in reasoning about and explaining social situations. Prolonged exposure to such interactions prevents the development of an internally coherent construction of reality; in the long run, this manifests itself as typically schizophrenic symptoms such as flattening affect, delusions and hallucinations, incoherent thinking and speaking, and in some cases paranoia. therefore, it is not appropriate to generalise their language ability to all people with schizophrenia (must be some application here) b) identifying source of bias - EITHER people volunteer so their behaviour might be atypical/unrepresentative OR they all attend self-help group so their behaviour may be atypical/unrepresentative eg volunteers may be better communicators, more verbal This will not get rid of the symptoms of schizophrenia but it can make patients better able to cope with them. In order to diagnose Schizophrenia the Mental Health Profession developed the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) still used today as a method of classifying mental disorders (particularly in the USA). Some people who have been diagnosed as schizophrenic appear to have difficulties with this skill. Gottesman reports that while the rate of schizophrenia in the general population is 1%, if one parent has schizophrenia there is a 12% likelihood their child will develop it and if both parents have schizophrenia, it increases to 40%. Social behavior depends, in part, on using other peoples actions as clues for understanding what they might be thinking. The schizophrenic twin generally had more enlarged ventricles and a reduced anterior hypothalamus. The reason for this is because if the individual does have excessive amounts of dopamine then does it really mean that thy ey will develop schizophrenia? Due to the pivotal role of dopamine in schizophrenia this led to a culture of heavy smoking an nicotine addiction in psychiatric hospitals of the era. Researchers estimate up to 1 percent of adults worldwide have schizophrenia.. What . A hundred Danish patients with a history of psychosis were assessed using operational criteria, and a concordance rate of 98% was obtained. This suggests that there is a problem of the chicken and egg scenario in relation to expressed emotion causing schizophrenia. Bruce Johnson is an A-level psychology teacher, and head of the sixth form at Caterham High School. Delusions are false beliefs. This creates problems of reliability. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. Heather (1976) there is only a 50% chance of predicting what treatment a patient will receive based on diagnosis, suggesting that diagnosis is not valid. Just challenging the dysfunctional thoughts through disputing may not be enough to change them if the thoughts have a biological basis. One biological explanation for schizophrenia is that it is passed on through the genes. This weakens the interactionist explanation. Meehl suggested that the vulnerability is genetic (the result of a schizogene), causing a sensitive personality. They engage in no self motivated behavior. Adoption studies have helped clarify both of these problems. To form identical twins, one fertilised egg (ovum) splits and develops two babies with exactly the same genetic information. This suggests the doctors had no valid method for detecting schizophrenia. Psychomotor Disturbances: Stereotypyical Rocking backwards and forwards, twitches, & repetitive behaviors. This demonstrates the high reliability of the clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia using up-to-date classification. For example, about 50% of people with schizophrenia are also diagnosed with depression. [8 marks] The fact that jack could never talk to his mum shows a symptom of schizophrenia, that fact that he displays lack of speech. b) Explain one reason why there might be a problem of bias and generalisation in this study. However, those children from families schizophrenia were less likely to develop the illness if placed in a good family with kind relationships, empathy, security, etc. CBT aims to identify and alter irrational thinking including regarding: In theory, when the misunderstandings have been swept away, emotional attitudes will also improve. Twenty-six of forty patients (65.0%) were taking haloperidol and 14 (35.0%) chlorpromazine. Work out ways to recognise negative thoughts and test faulty beliefs when they arise, and then challenge and re-think them. double-bind, high expressed emotion - . Pharoah identified examples of how family therapy works: It helps family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual and maintaining their own lives, it reduces anger and guilt, it improves their ability to anticipate and solve problems and forms a therapeutic alliance. So the stressors of modern living could cause increased schizophrenia in future generations. Read et al (2005) reviewed 46 studies of child abuse and schizophrenia and found concluded that 69% of adult women in-patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia had a physical abuse, sexual abuse or . Psychology Schizophrenia Family Dysfunction - Advantages and Faris and Dunham (1939) found clear pattern of correlation between inner city environments and levels of psychosis. But in fact some Schizophrenics are successfully treated whereas others are not. The legality of this has been challenged, and the use of token economies has declined as a result. The effect of this is, as well as reducing positive symptoms, the reduction of depression and anxiety, and the enhancement of mood. High dopamine activity leads to acute episodes, and positive symptoms which include: delusions, hallucinations, confused thinking. Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. Psychology | Psychology | tutor2u Family therapy is based on the theory that schizophrenia is associated with schizophrenogenic mothers, double bind communication, expressed emotion, or other dysfunction in the family. Adverse drug reactions experienced by out-patients taking The therapist wins the trust of the patient, so they can work together. Ayllon and Azrin (1968) set up a token economy with schizophrenic patients in a psychiatric institution. A second strength of the research into expressed emotion (EE) is that it has practical applications. Group As scores suggest a normal distributed as the mean, median and mode are all almost the same (22). This means it cannot be used to treat schizophrenia by itself. So in this context it is the occurrence of two illnesses or conditions together; for example, a person has both schizophrenia and a personality disorder. They act as dopamine antagonists, attempting to reduce dopamine activity. Cultural bias African Americans and those of Afro-carribean descent are more likely to be diagnosed than their white counterparts but diagnostic rates in Africa and the West Indies is low Western over diagnosis is a result of cultural norms and the diagnosis lacks validity. A quarter of people with schizophrenia (Total 4 marks) 11 Describe and evaluate biological explanations for schizophrenia. (2002) developed a machine that produced virtual hallucinations, such as hearing the television telling you to kill yourself or one persons face morphing into anothers. The biological basis for schizophrenia is therefore not addressed at all in the therapy, limiting its use. The severity of the side-effects is a weakness as patients will be reluctant to take them, or may even die as a result of the effect. They are also encouraged to evaluate the content of their delusions or of any internal voices they hear and to consider ways in which they might test the validity of their faulty beliefs. First generation Antipsychotics are called Typical Antipsychotics Central idea: Patients problems are based on incorrect beliefs and expectations. One criticism of the dopamine hypothesis is there is a problem with the chicken and egg. MZ twins share 100% of their genes, compared to DZ twins who only share 50% of their genes, so this suggests that genes must have some influence on the development of schizophrenia. It is now recognised that the vulnerability could be genetic or __environmental (for example, a traumatic event in early childhood). Chlorpromazine and Haloperidol. less effect on movement Christopher Frith (1979) argues schizophrenia is the result of a faulty attention system. In the USA only 20% of psychiatric patients were classed as having schizophrenia in the 1930s but this rose to 80% in the 1950s . It also seems to be aetiologically heterogeneous as different studies have identified different candidate genes. (1991) found a relapse rate of almost 40% when patients had drugs only, compared to only 20 % when Family Therapy or Social Skills training were used and the relapse rate was less than 5% when both were used together with the medication. Second, cognitive biases are present when people notice, pay attention to, or remember certain types of information better than other. Schizophrenia Interactionist Approach Interactionist Approach Interactionist Approach Addiction Addiction Treatment Theories Aversion Therapy Behavioural Interventions Drug Therapy Gambling Addiction Nicotine Addiction Physical and Psychological Dependence Reducing Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Six Stage Model of Behaviour Change Kendler (1985) has shown that first-degree relatives of those with schizophrenia are 18 times more at risk than the general population. Antipsychotic drugs are used to reduce the intensity of symptoms (particularly positive symptoms). For example, Ripke et al. Tarrier (1987) used detailed interview techniques, and found that people with schizophrenia can often identify triggers to the onset of their psychotic symptoms, and then develop their own methods of coping with the distress caused. 214 High Street, However, the newer antipsychotic drugs affect other neurotransmitters such as serotonin and glutamate as well as dopamine. 1. a group of people related by blood or marriage or a strong common bond, such as those descended from a common ancestor, or a husband, wife, and their children. System overlap refers to the way that disorders have shared symptoms. Typical antipsychotics: Developed in the 1950s, for example Chlorpromazine. 2. Neuropsychologist Michael Foster Green suggests that neurocognitive deficits in basic functions such as memory, attention, central executive and problem solving skills may combine to have an outcome which we are labelling Schizophrenia as if it was the cause when in fact it is simply an umbrella term for a set of effects. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. This suggests that the cognitive approach is oversimplistic when consider the explanation of schizophrenia. Q&A from AQA: 16 Mark Questions for Psychological Treatments - tutor2u Evidence to support the genetic explanation comes from Gottesman and Shields, who found a concordance rate of 42% for MZ and 9% for DZ. Neural correlates are patterns of structure or activity in the brain that occur in conjunction with schizophrenia. Holistic Identifies that patients have different triggers, genes etc. B.A., History and Educational Psychology, University of Exeter. Research evidence from autopsies has shown that schizophrenia sufferers have more dopamine receptors, which may lead to more neural firing and therefore an over production of messages. A nationwide Finnish sample of schizophrenics' offspring given up for adoption was compared blindly with matched controls, who were adopted offspring of non-schizophrenic biological parents. There are also delusions of being paranoid, worrying that people are out to get them. Medications reduce positive symptoms particularly hallucinations and delusions; and usually allow the patient to function more effectively and appropriately. West Yorkshire, Double bind is based on clinical observation the patients and early evidence involved assessing the personality of the mothers for 'crazy-making' characterists. 3. 2. (1988) has found a gene located on chromosome 5 which has been linked in a small number of extended families where they have the disorder. This is mainly aimed at lowering expressed emotion. Comorbidity refers to more than one disorders or diseases that exist alongside a primary diagnosis, which is the reason a patient gets referred and/or treated. Information transfer teaching the patient and the family the actual facts about the illness, its causes, the influence of drug abuse, and the effect of stress and guilt. 806 8067 22, Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, psychological explanation for schizophrenia, psychological explanations for schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - SS2 - Explanations - Socio-Cultural - Research, I need help on this A Level AQA psychology 16 marker please , A-Level Psychology Revision Tips and Tricks , comparing biological explanation of SZ with family dysfunction , Family dysfunction model of schizophrenia , aqa alevel psychology paper 3 2022 predictions?
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